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電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)是一(yi)種(zhong)儲能(neng)介質，用途(tu)極其廣泛(fan)，所(suo)有便攜(xie)式電(dian)(dian)子設(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)均需配(pei)(pei)備(bei)(bei)(bei)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。從大家日(ri)常(chang)生活離不(bu)開的(de)(de)手機、穿(chuan)戴(dai)設(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)到(dao)航空航天以及火爆的(de)(de)新能(neng)源汽車都離不(bu)開電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。根據設(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)用途(tu)配(pei)(pei)備(bei)(bei)(bei)不(bu)同容量的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。那工(gong)程師們是如何評估(gu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)質量的(de)(de)呢。
電池的(de)參數很多 ，如電池的(de)標(biao)稱(cheng)(cheng)電壓(ya)、電池容量(liang)(liang)、大輸(shu)出功率(lv)、大電流等(deng)等(deng)，而(er)大部(bu)分消費者關心(xin)的(de)也許是電池容量(liang)(liang)。電池容量(liang)(liang)是指在(zai)一定條件下（放(fang)(fang)電率(lv)、溫度、終止電壓(ya)等(deng)）電池放(fang)(fang)出的(de)電量(liang)(liang)，通常以安(an)培•小時為單位（簡稱(cheng)(cheng) A•H）表示。
1.電池容量測試
電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子負(fu)載(zai)的(de)原理是控(kong)制內部功(gong)率 MOSFET 或(huo)晶(jing)體管的(de)導通量（量占空比大小(xiao)），依靠功(gong)率管的(de)耗(hao)散功(gong)率消耗(hao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)設備。它能夠準確(que)檢測(ce)出(chu)負(fu)載(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，精確(que)調整(zheng)負(fu)載(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)。因(yin)此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子負(fu)載(zai)是測(ce)試(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)良好工具。現在我(wo)們使用鼎陽(yang)科(ke)技的(de)一款(kuan) SDL1030X 進行電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池測(ce)試(shi)(shi)，來(lai)展示如何進行電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池測(ce)試(shi)(shi)。SDL1030X 是一款(kuan)分(fen)辨率 0.1 mV / 0.1 mA，基(ji)本電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)精度可(ke)(ke)達 0.05%，功(gong)率可(ke)(ke)達 300 W 的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子負(fu)載(zai)。本次(ci)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池為(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓 7.4 V、容量為(wei)(wei) 5000 mAh 的(de)鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池。
#1.1 線纜連接
將電(dian)池(chi)的正負(fu)極直接(jie)接(jie)入(ru)到電(dian)子負(fu)載的輸入(ru)端，如下圖(tu)1 所示(shi)。在接(jie)入(ru)電(dian)子負(fu)載時需要注意以(yi)下幾個方面：
A、必須保證電(dian)池和電(dian)子負載的(de)正負極正確(que)連接。
B、使用的線纜必須滿足大電流且(qie)接口牢固，連接緊密。
C、當大電(dian)(dian)流（比如(ru)大于 5 A）且(qie)線(xian)(xian)纜又(you)比較長時(shi)，需(xu)(xu)要考慮線(xian)(xian)損。因為(wei)(wei)導線(xian)(xian)存在阻(zu)抗(kang)，在大電(dian)(dian)流下，會產生(sheng)壓(ya)降(jiang)(jiang)從而導致負(fu)載(zai)(zai)測量的電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)偏低。為(wei)(wei)了消除(chu)這種(zhong)誤(wu)差，需(xu)(xu)要使(shi)(shi)用電(dian)(dian)子負(fu)載(zai)(zai)的遠端(duan)(duan)補(bu)(bu)償功(gong)能(neng)(neng)（Sense 功(gong)能(neng)(neng)）來消除(chu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)誤(wu)差，如(ru)下圖(tu)2所(suo)示，遠端(duan)(duan)補(bu)(bu)償功(gong)能(neng)(neng)的原理(li)是 Sense 端(duan)(duan)子直接(jie)檢測被(bei)測設備(bei)的輸出(chu)端(duan)(duan)，當線(xian)(xian)損電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)不可忽略(lve)時(shi)，自(zi)動補(bu)(bu)償線(xian)(xian)損壓(ya)降(jiang)(jiang)，保證(zheng)被(bei)測設備(bei)輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)與負(fu)載(zai)(zai)所(suo)獲得(de)的輸入電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)一致）。本次測試的電(dian)(dian)池額(e)定電(dian)(dian)流為(wei)(wei)2A且(qie)測試線(xian)(xian)纜只有 20 cm，故無需(xu)(xu)使(shi)(shi)用遠端(duan)(duan)補(bu)(bu)償功(gong)能(neng)(neng)。
#1.2 設置停止條件
使(shi)用電(dian)池(chi)(chi)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)模式(shi)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)時(shi)，可以選擇 CC、CP、CR 模式(shi)對電(dian)池(chi)(chi)進行放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)。當選定放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)模式(shi)時(shi)，同(tong)時(shi)需要設置(zhi)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)的停(ting)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)條(tiao)件(jian)。停(ting)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)條(tiao)件(jian)有：終止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)壓、放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)容量和放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)時(shi)間。當三者中(zhong)任意(yi)一種條(tiao)件(jian)滿足時(shi)，電(dian)池(chi)(chi)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)停(ting)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，負(fu)載(zai)自動停(ting)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)拉(la)載(zai)。使(shi)用者也可以選擇其中(zhong)之一或者兩種條(tiao)件(jian)作為(wei)(wei)終止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)判定條(tiao)件(jian)，其它不(bu)需要的條(tiao)件(jian)設置(zhi)為(wei)(wei)“OFF"。
本次測(ce)試(shi)選(xuan)定為(wei)CC模式下的“電壓"為(wei)終止(zhi)測(ce)試(shi)條件。以下為(wei)設置步驟(zou)：
A、進入電池(chi)測試模式(shi)。按(an)“Shift"+“CV"，并選擇“Battery"測試。圖3 所示
B、CC 模(mo)式及參數設(she)置。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)池測試界面(mian)的 1/2 ;頁，把(ba)“功能"設(she)置到 CC 模(mo)式，同時把(ba)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流量程(cheng)設(she)置為 5 A，電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)量程(cheng)為 36 V，放電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流為 2 A；如圖4。
4 CC模式及參數設置
C、終(zhong)(zhong)止(zhi)(zhi)條(tiao)件參數設置(zhi)(zhi)。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池測(ce)試(shi)界面的 2/2 頁，可以設置(zhi)(zhi)“終(zhong)(zhong)止(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓"、“放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量"和(he)“放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間"。由于(yu)本(ben)次測(ce)試(shi)只測(ce)試(shi)終(zhong)(zhong)止(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓這單(dan)一測(ce)試(shi)條(tiao)件，終(zhong)(zhong)止(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為 6 V（根據電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池規格書，低于(yu)6V電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池將(jiang)無法正常(chang)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)）因此(ci)“放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量"和(he)“放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間"均設置(zhi)(zhi)為“OFF"；如(ru)圖5。
#1.3 開始測試
1.3.1啟(qi)動(dong)測試 參數設置及線纜連(lian)接完(wan)畢并確認(ren)無誤(wu)后，按下 SDL1030X 前(qian)面板的(de)“ON/OFF "按鍵，啟動測試。啟動測試后，SDL1030X 將以設定的(de)額(e)定電流持續消(xiao)耗電池的(de)電能。
1.3.2 趨勢圖顯示 在測(ce)試(shi)過程中，我們可以按下前面板的(de) Display 按鍵，進入趨勢(shi)圖界面，查看被測(ce)信號的(de)趨勢(shi)，如圖6 所示。電(dian)子負載顯示的(de)是實(shi)測(ce)電(dian)流隨時間的(de)變化趨勢(shi)。再次(ci)按下 Display，則(ze)退出波形顯示界面，并返回電(dian)池測(ce)試(shi)功能的(de)主(zhu)界面。
#1.4 測試結束
在 SDL1030X 持續的消耗電(dian)能過程中(zhong)，電(dian)池的電(dian)壓將(jiang)會緩慢(man)下降，當電(dian)壓降至設置的 6 V 電(dian)壓后(hou)，電(dian)子負載將(jiang)停止(zhi)拉載并結束測試(shi)，彈(dan)出(chu)“電(dian)池放電(dian)測試(shi)完成！"的提示框。如圖7 所(suo)示。
由于電池(chi)在使用過(guo)程中，容量會逐漸衰減而此(ci)塊電池(chi)使用時間已經超過(guo) 1 年半，從(cong)結果看還不錯。
3.結束
此次我(wo)們只是介紹電(dian)(dian)子負載多種(zhong)測試(shi)電(dian)(dian)池方(fang)法中的一種(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)子負載不但可(ke)以(yi)設(she)置(zhi)(zhi)終止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)壓，還可(ke)以(yi)設(she)置(zhi)(zhi)放電(dian)(dian)容量及放電(dian)(dian)時間對(dui)電(dian)(dian)池進(jin)行評估。除此之外(wai)還可(ke)以(yi)設(she)置(zhi)(zhi) CP 和(he) CR 模式對(dui)其進(jin)行評估。為充分了解電(dian)(dian)池性能應多方(fang)位多角度進(jin)行評估。
#1.1 線纜連接
將電池的(de)正(zheng)負(fu)(fu)極直接接入(ru)(ru)到電子(zi)(zi)負(fu)(fu)載(zai)的(de)輸入(ru)(ru)端，如下(xia)圖1 所示。在(zai)接入(ru)(ru)電子(zi)(zi)負(fu)(fu)載(zai)時需要(yao)注(zhu)意以下(xia)幾個(ge)方面(mian)：
A、必須保證電(dian)池和電(dian)子負(fu)載(zai)的(de)正(zheng)負(fu)極正(zheng)確連(lian)接。
B、使(shi)用的線(xian)纜必須滿足大電(dian)流且接口牢固，連接緊(jin)密。
C、當(dang)大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流（比如大(da)于 5 A）且線(xian)纜(lan)又比較長時(shi)，需(xu)要考慮線(xian)損。因(yin)為(wei)導線(xian)存在阻抗，在大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流下，會(hui)產生壓(ya)降從而導致負(fu)載測(ce)(ce)量的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)偏(pian)低。為(wei)了消除(chu)這種誤差(cha)，需(xu)要使用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)負(fu)載的(de)遠(yuan)端(duan)補(bu)償(chang)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)（Sense 功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)）來消除(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)誤差(cha)，如下圖(tu)2所示，遠(yuan)端(duan)補(bu)償(chang)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)的(de)原理是 Sense 端(duan)子(zi)(zi)直接檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)被測(ce)(ce)設備的(de)輸出(chu)端(duan)，當(dang)線(xian)損電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)不可忽略時(shi)，自(zi)動補(bu)償(chang)線(xian)損壓(ya)降，保證被測(ce)(ce)設備輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)與負(fu)載所獲得的(de)輸入電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)一(yi)致）。本次測(ce)(ce)試的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池額定電(dian)(dian)(dian)流為(wei)2A且測(ce)(ce)試線(xian)纜(lan)只有 20 cm，故無需(xu)使用(yong)遠(yuan)端(duan)補(bu)償(chang)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)。
#1.1 線纜連接
將電池的正負(fu)極(ji)直接接入到(dao)電子負(fu)載的輸入端，如下圖1 所(suo)示(shi)。在接入電子負(fu)載時需要(yao)注意以下幾個方面：
A、必須保證電(dian)池和電(dian)子負載的正負極正確連接(jie)。
B、使用(yong)的線纜(lan)必(bi)須滿足大(da)電流且接口牢固，連接緊密。
C、當(dang)大電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)（比(bi)如大于 5 A）且線(xian)纜(lan)(lan)又比(bi)較長時，需要(yao)考慮線(xian)損。因為導(dao)線(xian)存在阻(zu)抗(kang)，在大電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)下(xia)，會產生(sheng)壓(ya)(ya)降從而(er)導(dao)致負載(zai)(zai)測(ce)(ce)量的(de)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)偏低。為了消除這(zhe)種誤(wu)差，需要(yao)使用電(dian)(dian)子負載(zai)(zai)的(de)遠(yuan)端(duan)補(bu)償功(gong)能(neng)(neng)（Sense 功(gong)能(neng)(neng)）來消除電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)誤(wu)差，如下(xia)圖2所示(shi)，遠(yuan)端(duan)補(bu)償功(gong)能(neng)(neng)的(de)原理是(shi) Sense 端(duan)子直接檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)被測(ce)(ce)設備的(de)輸出端(duan)，當(dang)線(xian)損電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)不可忽略時，自動(dong)補(bu)償線(xian)損壓(ya)(ya)降，保證被測(ce)(ce)設備輸出電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)與負載(zai)(zai)所獲(huo)得的(de)輸入電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)一致）。本次測(ce)(ce)試的(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)額定電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)為2A且測(ce)(ce)試線(xian)纜(lan)(lan)只有 20 cm，故無需使用遠(yuan)端(duan)補(bu)償功(gong)能(neng)(neng)。
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